The Islamic scholar Ibn Sina, Avicenna, was a true polymath who excelled in many academic fields, including philosophy, theology, Islamic medicine and natural sciences. From a young age, he gained renown as a physician and teacher, writing many detailed treatises about medicine.

His publication, ‘The Canon,’ became a core text for physicians across the Islamic world and Europe, laying out a detailed guide for diagnosing and treating ailments.
Ibn-Sina believed that many diagnoses could be made by simply checking the pulse and the urine, and a large part of the Canon is given over to making diagnoses from the color, turbidity, and odor of urine.
Of course, this also needed to be set alongside the Islamic holistic approach of looking at diet and background.
His other breakthroughs were some suggestions for infant care and, based upon his belief that bad water was responsible for many ailments, he included guidelines on how to check the purity of water.
Many of his remedies were ultimately ineffective, but he had many more hits than misses and contributed greatly to the history of medicine.
(Source: Experimental.resources)